Developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
For more information and examples, see the IEEEDataPort document How to Cite References: IEEE Documentation Style
IEEE citation style is used primarily for electronics, engineering, telecommunications, computer science, and information technology reports. The three main parts of a reference are as follows:
This system allows the reader to identify the information source at a glance. All punctuation dates, and page numbers depend on the type of reference cited, so follow the examples with care. Please note this style guide is wide ranging, but not all sources are identified. Further researc may be required.
The first step of the reference citation process is within the report itself.
“. . .end of the line for my research [13].” “The theory was first put forward in 1987 [1].”
“Scholtz [2] has argued. . . .”
“For example, see [7].”
“Several recent studies [3, 4, 15, 22] have suggested that
Note: Authors and dates do not have to be written out after the first reference; use the bracketed
number. Also, it is not necessary to write “in reference [2].” Just write “in [2].”
The preferred method to cite more than one source at a time is to list each reference in its own
brackets, then separate with a comma or dash:
[1], [3], [5]
[1] – [5]
To finish citing sources, a numbered list of references must be provided at the end of the paper. The list is comprised of the sequential enumerated citations, with details, beginning with [1], and is not alphabetical.
[1] L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman, Software Architecture in Practice, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. [E-book] Available: Safari e-book.
[2] D. Ince, “Acoustic coupler,” in A Dictionary of the Internet. Oxford University Press, [online document ], 2001. Available: Oxford Reference Online, http://www.oxfordreference.com [Accessed: May 24, 2007]
[1] M. T. Kimour and D. Meslati, “Deriving objects from use cases in real-time embedded systems,” Information and Software Technology, vol. 47, no. 8, p. 533, June 2005. [Abstract]. Available: ProQuest, http://www.umi.com/proquest/. [Accessed November 12, 2007].
[2] A. Altun, “Understanding hypertext in the context of reading on the web: Language learners’ experience,” Current Issues in Education, vol. 6, no. 12, July, 2005. [Online serial]. Available: http://cie.ed.asu.edu/volume6/number12/. [Accessed Dec. 2, 2007].
[3] C. Wilson-Clark, “Computers ranked as key literacy,” The Atlanta Journal Constitution, para. 3, March 29, 2007. [Online], Available: http://www.thewest.com.au. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2007].
[1] European Telecommunications Standards Institute, “Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB): Implementation guide for DVB terrestrial services; transmission aspects,” European Telecommunications Standards Institute, ETSI-TR-101, 2007. [Online]. Available: http://www.etsi.org. [Accessed: Nov. 12, 2007].
[2] J. Geralds, “Sega Ends Production of Dreamcast,” vnunet.com, para. 2, Jan. 31, 2007. [Online]. Available: http://nli.vnunet.com/news/1116995. [Accessed Sept. 12, 2007].
[3] G. Sussman, “Home Page-Dr. Gerald Sussman,” July, 2002. [Online]. Available : http://www.comm.edu.faculty/sussman/sussmanpage.htm. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2007].
[4] J. Aston. “RE: new location, okay?” Personal email (July 3, 2007).
[5] G. G. Gavin, “Climbing and limb torsion #3387,” USENET: sci.climb.torsion, August 19,
2007. [Accessed December 4, 2007].
[6] W. D. Scott, Information Technology in the US. [Microform]. W. D. Scott & Co., Canberra: Department of Science and Technology, 2004.
[7] The Hobbit: The prelude to the Lord of the Rings. [CD-ROM]. United Kingdom: Vivendi Universal Games, 2003.
[8] Thomson ISI, Endnote 7. [CD-ROM]. Berkeley, CA: ISI ResearchSoft, 2006.
[8] Thomson ISI, Endnote 7. [CD-ROM]. Berkeley, CA: ISI ResearchSoft, 2006.
[1] S. Bhanndahar. ECE 4321. Class Lecture, Topic: “Bluetooth can’t help you.” School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, Jan. 9, 2008.
[1] W. K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Press, 2003.
[2] J. L. Spudich and B. H. Satir, Eds., Sensory Receptors and Signal Transduction. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2001.
[3] E. D. Lipson and B. D. Horwitz, “Photosensory reception and transduction,” in Sensory Receptors and Signal Transduction, J. L. Spudich and B. H. Satir, Eds. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2001, pp-1-64.
[4] R. Hayes, G. Pisano, and S. Wheelwright, Operations, Strategy, and Technical Knowledge. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2007.
[5] Council of Biology Editors, Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, 6th ed., Chicago: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
[6] Bell Telephone Laboratories Technical Staff, Transmission System for Communication, Bell Telephone Lab, 2005.
[7] Hewlett-Packard, Appl. Note 935, pp.25-29. Note: Titles of unpublished works are not italicized or capitalized. Capitalize only the first word.
[8] K. E. Elliott and C. M. Greene, “A local adaptive protocol,” Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, France, Tech. Report. 916-1010-BB, 7 Apr. 2007.
[9] K. Kimura and A. Lipeles, “Fuzzy controller component,” U. S. Patent 14, 860,040, 14 Dec., 2006.